![]() The ninth cranial nerve is a mixed nerve carrying motor efferents and sensory afferents. To correctly assess manifestations of LCN lesions, precise knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the area is required. LCN lesions need to be considered in case of disturbed speech, swallowing, coughing, deglutition, sensory functions, taste, or autonomic functions, neuralgic pain, dysphagia, head, pharyngeal, or neck pain, cardiac or gastrointestinal compromise, or weakness of the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, or the tongue muscles. An effective treatment is available in the majority of the cases, but a prerequisite for complete recovery is the prompt and correct diagnosis. Treatment of LCN lesions depends on the underlying cause. Causes of LCN lesions can be classified as genetic, vascular, traumatic, iatrogenic, infectious, immunologic, metabolic, nutritional, degenerative, or neoplastic. LCN lesions have to be suspected if there are typical symptoms or signs attributable to a LCN. LCN may be affected solely or together with more proximal cranial nerves, with central nervous system disease, or with nonneurological disorders. Affection of multiple LCN is much more frequent than the affection of a single LCN. Review of publications dealing with disorders of the LCN in humans. This review aims at summarizing and discussing diseases affecting LCN. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.Lesions of the lower cranial nerves (LCN) are due to numerous causes, which need to be differentiated to optimize management and outcome. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.įor librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. View the institutional accounts that are providing access.View your signed in personal account and access account management features.Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.Ĭlick the account icon in the top right to: See below.Ī personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society.If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.Įnter your library card number to sign in. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution.Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.Click Sign in through your institution. ![]() Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.Ĭhoose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. ![]() Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases.
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